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Items by Ryan Olden
This Day at Law
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Justinian I issues Corpus Juris Civilis
Posted: April 7th, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Ryan Olden
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On April 7, 529 - Byzantine Emperor Justinian I issued the first draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Civil Law). The Justinian Code represented a revival of Roman Law and a compilation of laws for the Byzantine Empire. It became the foundation of Canon Law in the Catholic Church and Civil Law in modern Europe.Learn more about the Corpus Juris Civilis from the University of Wyoming College of -
Reign of Terror begins in French Revolution
Posted: April 6th, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Ryan Olden
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On April 6, 1793, the Committee of Public Safety takes power as the executive agency of France during the French Revolution, starting the Reign of Terror. During this period, the Committee sought to eliminate "enemies of the Revolution" by summary trials of noblemen, clergy, merchants, and peasants alike. The Reign of Terror ended with the overthrow the Committee's last and most prominent member, -
Lockerbie bombers turned over for trial
Posted: April 5th, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Ryan Olden
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On April 5, 1999, the government of Libya turned over to British authorities two of its citizens who were accused of blowing up Pan Am flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988. The subsequent trial of Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi and Al Amin Khalifa Fhimah began on May 3, 2000. When the court reached its verdict, Fhimah was found not guilty and returned to Libya, while Megrahi was -
NATO created
Posted: April 4th, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Ryan Olden
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On April 4, 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was created when twelve countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty. The organization was created as a common alliance against communist encroachment into Europe. Today, NATO has 28 member nations, including former European communist nations. -
Trial of Marquess of Queensberry begins, leading to the imprisonment of Oscar Wilde
Posted: April 3rd, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Ryan Olden
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On April 2, 1895, the libel trial of the Marquess of Queensberry began on allegations that he called Oscar Wilde a "posing somdomite [sic]". The trial led to the disclosure of details of Wilde's personal life that eventually resulted in his imprisonment for homosexuality. Read about the trials of Oscar Wilde. -
Maurice Papon convicted of war crimes
Posted: April 2nd, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Ryan Olden
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On April 2, 1998, Maurice Papon was convicted of war crimes for his role in deporting French Jews to concentration camps during the Nazi occupation of France. Under German occupation, Papon served as the supervisor of the Service for Jewish Questions in Bordeaux from which he collaborated with the Nazi S.S. and oversaw the deportation of 1,560 Jewish men, women, and children to concentration -
Netherlands becomes the first country to legalize same-sex marriage and euthanasia
Posted: April 1st, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Ryan Olden
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On April 1, 2001, the Netherlands became the first country to legalize same-sex marriage. The nation then became the first country to legalize euthanasia on April 1, 2002. -
U.S. and Japan sign Kanagwa Treaty
Posted: March 31st, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Ryan Olden
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On March 31, 1854, U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry and representatives of the Japanese government signed the Convention of Kanagawa. The terms of the treaty marked the end of Japan's 500 years of self-imposed isolation by opening of the Ports of Shimoda and Hakodate. Four years later, Japanese-American relations were further expanded by the Treaty of Amity and Commerce (Harris Treaty), which opened -
Treaty of Paris ends Crimean War
Posted: March 30th, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Ryan Olden
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On March 30, 1856, representatives of Great Britain, France, Sardinia, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Paris of 1856, ending the Crimean War. The treaty confirmed Russia's loss of power as a result of the war. It lost territory; the Black Sea region and some Russia islands were demilitarized; and Russia lost its influence over Romanian principalities and Christians in the -
Rosenbergs convicted of espionage
Posted: March 29th, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Ryan Olden
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On March 29, 1951, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of passing U.S. atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. The couple was sentenced to death on April 3 under the Espionage Act of 1917, 18 U.S.C 794. They were then executed two years later on June 19, 1953 in New York State's Sing Sing Prison.View the FBI's files on the Rosenbergs and learn more about their case. -
Thomas Hare born
Posted: March 28th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 28, 1808, English Jurist Thomas Hare was born in the United Kingdom. After being admitted to the Bar in 1833, Hare became a campaigner for electoral reform. He created the Single Transferable Vote (STV) system of proportional representation used in many democratic countries today. He was also an early law reporter, recording important judicial decisions in The Hare Law Reports before -
Khrushchev becomes USSR leader
Posted: March 27th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 27, 1958, Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev became the new Premier of the USSR, replacing Joseph Stalin as the Soviet leader. During his rise to power, Khruschev denounced crimes of the Stalinist regime and the "cult of personality" surrounding his predecessor. While in office as Soviet Premier, Khruschev oversaw some of the most famous and influential events of the Cold War: the launch of -
Biological Weapons Convention goes into force
Posted: March 26th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 26, 1975, the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction went into force. Today, 162 countries have signed the Convention, pledging never "to develop, produce, stockpile or otherwise acquire or retain" biological weapons. Some signatory nations, however, have reserved the right to -
Scottsboro Boys arrested
Posted: March 25th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 25, 1931, nine black teenagers were arrested in Paint Rock, Alabama for allegedly raping two white women. Twelve days later, the young men were put on trial in the nearby town of Scottsboro. After numerous the proceedings culminated in two landmark decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court, Powell v. Alabama and Norris v. Alabama. Ultimately, the death sentences issued by the jury were -
Oscar Romero assassinated
Posted: March 24th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 24, 1980, the Archbishop Óscar Romero, was assassinated while performing Mass in San Salvador, El Salvador by a right-wing death squad. Romero had become unpopular with conservative elements in the country, when he began speaking out against government repression of the nation's poor and of his fellow priests. Read a biography of Archbishop Oscar Romero from the Kellogg Institute at -
Pakistan becomes world's first Islamic republic
Posted: March 23rd, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 23, 1956, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan became the world's first Islamic republic. Unfortunately, democracy in Pakistan collapsed quickly after General Ayub Khan lead a successful coup d'etat. Since that time, Pakistan has vacillated between military and civilian government.Pakistan was governed by the 1956 Constitution of Pakistan, until it was superseded by the 1973 Constitution, -
Arab League formed
Posted: March 22nd, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 22, 1945, the League of Arab States was formed in Cairo, Egypt to promote the cultural and political interests of the Arab World. Since then, the original six-nation roster of Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Transjordan (now Jordan), Lebanon, and Iraq has now expanded to twenty-two member states.Read the Charter of the League of Arab States and a profile of the Arab League from the BBC. -
March from Selma begins
Posted: March 21st, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 21, 1965, Martin Luther King, Jr. began his third march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama to protest racial discrimination in the Jim Crow South. By March 25, over 25,000 people lead by Dr. King reached Montgomery, Alabama. Specifically, the march called attention to suppression of African-American voting rights and a police assault on a civil rights demonstration three weeks prior.Five -
Dutch East India Company established
Posted: March 20th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 20, 1602, the States-General of the Netherlands established the Dutch East India Company (VOC). The creation edict granted VOC a monopoly over Dutch colonial activities in Asia for twenty-one years. During that time, VOC became the world's first multinational company and the first to issue stock.Read a history of the VOC and view the world's oldest share of stock, as issued by the VOC. -
India and Bangladesh sign friendship treaty
Posted: March 19th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 19, 1972, India and Bangladesh signed a Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Peace for twenty-five years. The treaty recognized the independence of Bangladesh by India at the conclusion of Bangladesh's war of independence from Pakistan. The treaty expired in 1997 without renewal. -
Supreme Court requires states to provide counsel for indigent defendants
Posted: March 18th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 18, 1963, the U.S. Supreme Court in Gideon v. Wainwright held that the Constitution requires states to provide counsel for indigent criminal defendants. For a unanimous Court, Justice Hugo Black wrote, "any person haled into court, who is too poor to hire a lawyer, cannot be assured a fair trial unless counsel is provided for him." Counsel had been required for indigent federal -
I.O.C. expels 6 members for taking bribes
Posted: March 17th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 17, 1999, the International Olympic Committee expelled six of its members for taking bribes. The preceding investigation had revealed that the indicted officials had received over $800,000 in gifts and benefits from the Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC) before awarding the 2002 Winter Games to Salt Lake City. Learn more about the Salt Lake City Olympic bribery scandal from the -
UN Human Rights Council Established
Posted: March 16th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 16, 2006, the United Nations General Assembly established the UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) to replace the UN Council on Human Rights. The UNHRC was created by the overwhelming passage of Resolution A/RES/60/251ly. -
Code Napoleon promulgated
Posted: March 15th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 15, 1803, the Code Napoleon (French Civil Code) was promulgated in France. The Code is considered the first successful legal code in Europe and is still used today as the basis for the modern French Civil Code. Napoleon's conquests spread his Code across the European Continent, influencing modern legal codes in Portugal, Austria, Italy, and other continental nations.Read a history of the -
Cedar Revolution begins in Lebanon
Posted: March 14th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 14, 2005, the Cedar Revolution began in Lebanon after the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri. Led by the March Fourteenth Movement, street protests in the Cedar Revolution led to the resignation of the generally pro-Syrian government of Lebanon and withdrawal of Syrian troops from the country. -
Czar Alexander II assassinated
Posted: March 13th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 13, 1881, revolutionaries assassinated Czar Alexander II. The terrorist organization, Narodnaya Volya, hoped to spark a revolution in Russia by assassinating the Czar. Instead, his assassination led to a repressive backlash from his successor, Alexander III. Read a account of the assassination of Czar Alexander II by anarchist revolutionary Peter Kropotkin. -
First former Warsaw Pact countries join NATO
Posted: March 12th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 12, 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland became the first former members of the Warsaw Pact join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Read the NATO accession treaties for the Czech Republic, the Republic of Hungary, and the Republic of Poland. -
Gorbachev becomes USSR leader
Posted: March 11th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 11, 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, following the death of Konstantin Chernenko. He soon announced that he would hold arms-reduction negotiations in Geneva with the United States. Gorbachev also used his tenure to liberalize the economy and social structure of the USSR, eventually leading to the abatement of the Soviet Union. In 1990, -
Gandhi arrested for sedition
Posted: March 10th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 10, 1922, Mahatma Gandhi was arrested and charged with sedition for leading a campaign of mass civil disobedience against the British in India. He was then convicted and sentenced to six years in prison. After his release, Gandhi continued to build Indian unity and use civil disobedience and non-cooperation to oppose British rule in his country, culminating in the Salt March of 1930 and -
Northern Ireland votes to remain in UK
Posted: March 9th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 9, 1973, residents of Northern Ireland voted to remain part of the United Kingdom. 98% voted in favor of the referendum, but only 57% of the population participated. Catholic voters overwhelmingly boycotted the vote and civil war, known as "The Troubles", continued in Northern Ireland until the Good Friday Agreement, which provides for recognition of Northern Ireland's union with the -
Senate adopts cloture rule
Posted: March 8th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 8, 1917, the U.S. Senate adopted the cloture rule to limit filibusters. Under Rule 22, two-thirds of Senators could vote to close debate on a given bill, thereby ending an ongoing filibuster. In 1975, that number was lowered to three-fifths of the Senate, which amounts to sixty Senators.Read a history of filibuster and cloture from the archives of the U.S. Senate. -
UK House of Lords becomes an elected body
Posted: March 7th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 7, 2007, the Britain's lower house of Parliament, the House of Commons, voted to change the upper chamber, the House of Lords, to an elected body. Previously, appointments to the House of Lords were based on noble birth.Read a history of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the body's official website. -
City of Toronto incorporated
Posted: March 6th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 4, 1834, the town of York in the British colony of Canada was incorporated as the City of Toronto.Learn the history of Toronto from the city's official website. -
Lynch v. Donnelly decided
Posted: March 5th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 5, 1984, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a nativity scene built on public land by the City of Pawtucket, Rhode Island. The Court in Lynch v. Donnelly held that the creche did not violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, which prohibits the government from passing any "law respecting an establishment of religion". -
First woman appointed to the Canadq Supreme Court
Posted: March 4th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 4, 1982, Bertha Wilson became the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada. -
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed, ending Russia involvement in WWI
Posted: March 3rd, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 3, 1918, the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire) signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the communist government of Russia, ending Russian involvement in World War I. The treaty furthermore opened independence for Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland.Read the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and other documents related to the Peace of -
Puerto Ricans granted U.S. Citizenship
Posted: March 2nd, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 2, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson signed the Jones-Shafroth Act, granting Puerto Rico status a United State territory and granting all of its residents U.S. citizenship. The Bill furthermore constructed a government and bill of rights for the island and allowed its residents to serve in the U.S. military.In 1952, the rights of Puerto Rico and its residents were further extended when the -
Communist spy Klaus Fuchs sentenced to 14 years in UK prison
Posted: March 1st, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 1, 1950, German-British atomic scientist Klaus Fuchs was sentenced to 14 years in prison by a UK court for passing British and American nuclear secrets to the Soviet Union.Read a biography of Fuchs and his confession from PBS. -
Reichstag Fire Decree issued in Germany
Posted: February 28th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On February 28, 1933, German President Paul von Hindenburg issued the Presidential Decree for the Protection of People and State in response the burning of the Reichstag (the German Parliament building) on the previous day. More commonly known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, the law suspended many key civil liberties, such as free press, habeas corpus, and warrant requirements. Blaming Communists -
Military rule ends in Nigeria
Posted: February 27th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On February 27, 1999, Nigerians elected Olusegun Obasanjo as the country's President, ending 15 years of military rule under a series of dictators. -
President Lincoln signs Naitonal Banking Act into law
Posted: February 26th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On February 26, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln signed the National Banking Act into law, creating the American banking charter system. The Act furthermore created the Office of the Comptroller of Currency (OCC) within the Treasury Department. The law was furthermore intended to help raise money for the Civil War by pressing banks to buy federal as opposed to state bonds. The law was not a -
European Court rules against hitting schoolchildren in the UK
Posted: February 25th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On February 25, 1982, In Campbell & Cosans v. The United Kingdom, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that parents can prevent teachers in the United Kingdom from striking their schoolchildren. At the time of the court's decision, the UK was the only western European nation that permitted corporal punishment in schools. -
Socialist Constitution of Cuba promulgated
Posted: February 24th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On February 24, 1976, the Republic of Cuba promulgated the Socialist Constitution of Cuba. The document solidified the socialist system in Cuba. It was the fifth Cuban constitution since the country's independence in 1901 and the first since the Cuban revolution in 1959. The Socialist Constitution was subsequently amended in 1992 and 2002. -
Cuba leases Guantánamo Bay to the U.S. in perpetuity
Posted: February 23rd, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On February 23, 1903, Cuba leased Guantánamo Bay to the United States "in perpetuity" as part of the Cuban-American Treaty. The United States subsequently used the lease to establish a Naval Base at Guantánamo. With the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001, an internationally controversial military prison was built at Guantánamo to house prisoners of war and terrorism suspects captured by -
Saint Lucia gains independence
Posted: February 22nd, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On February 22, 1979, Saint Lucia gained independence from the United Kingdom, becoming a sovereign nation.Read the Constitution of Saint Lucia. -
Convention on Psychotropic Substances signed
Posted: February 21st, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On February 21, 1971, the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances was signed in Vienna, Austria. The Convention was promulgated to regulate psychotropic drugs, extending the 1961 U.N. Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, which applied to cannabis-, cocoa-, and opium-based drugs. In 1988, the U.N. Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances was -
Russia ends serfdom with Emancipation Manifesto
Posted: February 19th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On February 19, 1861, Czar Alexander II promulgated the Emancipation Manifesto, which abolished the serfdom in Russia after over two hundred years of the practice. Read the Emancipation Manifesto. -
Nazis arrest White Rose leaders
Posted: February 18th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On February 18, 1943, the Nazi government of Germany arrested the two leaders of the White Rose movement, brother and sister Hans and Sophie Scholl. The White Rose was a German group, primarily comprised of students, that advocated non-violent resistance to the Nazi government in Germany. After the Scholls were arrested, the remaining members of the White Rose were captured by the end of 1943. -
Kosovo declares independence from Serbia
Posted: February 17th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On February 17, 2008 the Assembly of Kosovo declared independence from Serbia. While Serbia denounced the declaration as illegal, the international community has remained divided on this issue. Several nations including the United States, United Kingdom, France, Taiwan, and Turkey have recognized Kosovar independence, but others such as Russia maintain that the declaration violates international -
Accused Nazi war criminal, John Demjanjuk, put on trial in Israel
Posted: February 16th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On February 16, 1987, accused Nazi war criminal, John Demjanjuk, went on trial in Jerusalem, Israel. The prosecution claimed that Demjanjuk was a notorious prison guard known as "Ivan the Terrible" at the Treblinka extermination camp during World War II. On this basis, Demjanjuk was convicted by the Israeli court of crimes against humanity. However, in August 1993, the conviction overturned by