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Items by Bernard Hibbitts
This Day at Law
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Supreme Court ruled on possession of obscene materials
Posted: April 7th, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Bernard Hibbitts
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On April 7, 1969, the US Supreme Court ruled in Stanley v. Georgia that laws prohibiting private possession of obscene materials were unconstitutional. -
'Scottsboro boys' put on trial for alleged rape of white women
Posted: April 6th, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Bernard Hibbitts
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On April 6, 1931, the nine "Scottsboro boys" were put on trial in Alabama on false charges of raping two white women during a freight train trip from Tennessee. Learn more about the trial of the Scottsboro boys. -
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg sentenced to death for spying
Posted: April 5th, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Bernard Hibbitts
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On April 5, 1951, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were sentenced to death after a treason trial in which they were convicted of passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union.Learn more about the Rosenberg trial. -
Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated in Memphis
Posted: April 4th, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Bernard Hibbitts
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Civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated in Memphis on April 4, 1968. Pay a virtual visit to The King Center in Atlanta. -
Bruno Hauptmann executed for kidnap, murder of Lindbergh baby
Posted: April 3rd, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Bernard Hibbitts
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On April 3, 1936, Bruno Hauptmann was executed by electric chair for the kidnapping and murder of the Charles Lindbergh baby. Read more about the trial of Bruno Hauptmann in JURIST's Famous Trials series. -
Massachusetts enacted Vietnam antiwar bill
Posted: April 2nd, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Bernard Hibbitts
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On April 2, 1970, the Governor of Massachusetts signed into law an anti-Vietnam War bill providing that no inhabitant of Massachusetts inducted into or serving in the armed forces "shall be required to serve" abroad in an armed hostility that had not been declared a war by Congress under Article I, Section 8, clause 11 of the United States Constitution. Supporters of the legislation hoped that -
First US wartime conscription law took effect
Posted: April 1st, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Bernard Hibbitts
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On April 1, 1863, in the midst of the Civil War, the first wartime conscription law passed in the United States went into effect. It included a clause allowing a person to pay $300 to avoid military service, a controversial "rich man's" exception that precipitated the July 1863 New York City Draft Riots. The riots, the worst in US history to that point, killed as many as 100 people and had to be -
Spanish royal decree ordered expulsion of Jews
Posted: March 31st, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 31, 1492, King Ferdinand of Spain signed a decree expelling Jews from his kingdom. Read a contemporary account of the explusion, originally written in Hebrew by an Italian Jew in 1495. -
Treaty with Russia ceded Alaska to the United States
Posted: March 30th, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 30, 1867, the US and Russia signed a treaty ceding Alaska to the United States for a payment of $7,200,000 in gold. Review the terms of a Treaty concerning the Cession of the Russian Possessions in North America by his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias to the United States of America, the terms of which were included in the Treaty's Proclamation by President Andrew Johnson on June -
British parliament passed act creating Canada
Posted: March 29th, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 29, 1867, the British Parliament passed the British North America Act, a constitutional document creating an independent and united Dominion of Canada. It went into effect on July 1 that year. -
Supreme Court ruled on Chinese Exclusion Act
Posted: March 28th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 28, 1898, the US Supreme Court ruled that a child born in the US to Chinese immigrants was a US citizen and could not be deported under the terms of the Chinese Exclusion Act. Read US v. Wong Kim Ark and learn more about the Chinese Exclusion Act. -
President Andrew Johnson vetoed citizenship for slaves
Posted: March 27th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 27, 1866, President Andrew Johnson vetoed a civil rights bill that would later become the 14th Amendment to the Constitution, conferring full US citizenship on all slaves. Read President Johnson's veto letter, transmitted to the US Senate. -
Justice Sandra Day O'Connor born
Posted: March 26th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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Recently-retired US Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor was born in El Paso, Texas on March 26, 1930. Watch recorded video of Justice O'Connor talking about her biography Lazy B: Growing Up on a Cattle Ranch in the American Southwest at Harvard Law School in April, 2002. -
Slave trade abolished in Britain
Posted: March 25th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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A British bill abolishing the slave trade became law on March 25, 1807. Learn more about slavery and the slave trade in Britain. -
Last Quaker executed for religious beliefs in American colonies
Posted: March 24th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 24, 1661, William Ledda, executed in Boston, became the last Quaker in the American colonies to be put to death for his religious beliefs. Learn more about the persecution of the Quakers in colonial Massachusetts. -
"Wobblies" put on trial in Chicago
Posted: March 23rd, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 23, 1918, 101 leaders of the Industrial Workers of the World union ("The Wobblies") were put on trial in Chicago for conspiracy to obstruct America's participation in World War I. Learn more about the Wobblies from the Constitutional Rights Foundation. -
Stamp Act passed by British Parliament
Posted: March 22nd, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 22, 1765, the British Parliament passed the Stamp Act, a revenue-raising measure under which all pamphlets, almanacs, newspapers, bonds, notes, leases, insurance policies, and legal papers had thenceforward to be issued on stamped paper that could only be purchased from the king's officers. American colonists objected to the Act, saying that Parliament did not have the right to impose -
International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
Posted: March 21st, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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March 21 is the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination [UNESCO factsheet].On March 21, 1804, the Code Civil des Francais, the reformed French civil law often referred to in French as the Code Napoleon, and in English as the Napoleonic Code, went into effect in France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and French colonies. -
First woman executed by electric chair
Posted: March 20th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 20, 1899, Martha Place, convicted of the murder of her step-daughter, became the first woman to die in the electric chair. The execution was carried out at New York's Auburn Prison. Review The Last Stop: Women in the Electric Chair, from Court TV. -
Earl Warren born
Posted: March 19th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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US Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren was born on March 19, 1891, in Los Angeles, California. He led the Court during a critical period of social change in the 1950s and 1960s and is perhaps best known for his Opinion in Brown v. Board of Education. Learn more about Earl Warren from the Supreme Court Historical Society, and hear him deliver the Landon Lecture at Kansas State University in -
Gandhi sentenced for sedition after civil disobedience campaign
Posted: March 18th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 18, 1922, a court in British-ruled India sentenced Mohandas Gandhi to six years in prison for sedition in connection with his civil disobedience campaign for Indian home rule. Read Gandhi's famous statement to the trial court. Gandhi served two years of his sentence and was then released. -
Roger Taney born
Posted: March 17th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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US Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney, author of the decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford, was born in Calvert County, Maryland, on March 17, 1777. -
James Madison born
Posted: March 16th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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James Madison, a leading framer of the US Constitution and Bill of Rights, an author of the Federalist Papers, and the fourth President of the United States was born in Port Conway, Virginia, on March 16, 1751. Review Madison's Notes on the Federal (Constitutional) Convention of 1787, his speech in Congress introducing his proposed amendments to the Constitution, and his contributions to the -
Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg born
Posted: March 15th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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US Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg was born on March 15, 1933. Learn more about Justice Ginsburg from Oyez, the Supreme Court multimedia project at Northwestern University. -
Jack Ruby convicted for murder of JFK assassin Lee Harvey Oswald
Posted: March 14th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 14, 1964, nightclub owner Jack Ruby was convicted of the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald, who had presumably assassinated President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. Ruby was sentenced to death. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals overturned Ruby's conviction in October 1966 and ordered a new trial citing improperly admitted testimony and an improper venue in the original proceeding, but -
Tennessee banned the teaching of evolution
Posted: March 13th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 13, 1925, Tennessee passed a law banning the teaching of evolution in schools. The violation of this law by a local schoolteacher resulted in the famous "Monkey Trial". Learn more about The State v. John Scopes in JURIST's Famous Trials series. -
Janet Reno sworn in as first female US Attorney General
Posted: March 12th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 12, 1993, Janet Reno was sworn in an as the first female US Attorney General. Learn more about Janet Reno from the US Department of Justice Attorney General's website as it stood on November 9, 2000. -
Confederate Constitution adopted
Posted: March 11th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 11, 1861, seven former US states adopted the Constitution of the Confederate States of America, which closely followed the language, if not necessarily the purport, of the original US Constitution. -
James Earl Ray sentenced for the murder of Martin Luther King, Jr.
Posted: March 10th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 10, 1969, James Earl Ray was sentenced to 99 years in prison for the murder of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr.. Ray died in 1998, still seeking a retrial of his case. On December 9th, 1999, a Memphis jury handed down a verdict agreeing with the King family that the 1968 assassination of the civil rights leader was a conspiracy rather than the act of a lone gunman. Learn -
Amistad slave ship case decided
Posted: March 9th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 9, 1841, the US Supreme Court ruled in The Amistad case that a group of slaves who took over their ship were free. Learn more about The Amistad in JURIST's Famous Trials series. -
International Women's Rights Day
Posted: March 8th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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March 8 is International Women's Rights and International Peace day, better known as International Women's Day [UN factsheet].US Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. was born on March 8, 1841. Learn more about Justice Holmes and pay a virtual visit to his gravesite at Arlington National Cemetary. Listen to a rare recording of Justice Holmes speaking on NBC Radio on the occasion of his -
Selma-Montgomery march began with "Bloody Sunday"
Posted: March 7th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 7, 1965, 525 civil rights activists began a march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama. Just outside Selma, heavily armed police and deputies broke up the march with billy clubs and tear gas, injuring sixty-five people and hospitalizing 17 in a melee that became known as "Bloody Sunday." After federal court protection had been secured, 3200 marchers started out again on March 21; by the -
Dred Scott decided
Posted: March 6th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 6, 1857, the US Supreme Court announced its landmark decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford, holding that blacks - slaves as well as free - were not and could never become citizens of the United States, and that the 1820 Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.Learn more about the Dred Scott case from Washington University in St. Louis (the city where Dred Scott initially filed his suit for -
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty took effect
Posted: March 5th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 5, 1970, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty took effect after ratification by 43 countries.Read a brief history of the NPT. -
Copyright infringement made federal crime
Posted: March 4th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 4, 1909, the Copyright Act of 1909 became law, making infringement of a copyright a federal crime for the first time. Review a brief history of copyright in the United States. -
First woman admitted to practice before US Supreme Court
Posted: March 3rd, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 3, 1879, Belva Lockwood became the first woman admitted to practice before the United States Supreme Court.Learn more about women at the Supreme Court bar from the Supreme Court Historical Society. -
Lord Mansfield born
Posted: March 2nd, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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Lord Mansfield (William Murray), Chief Justice of King's Bench and developer of English commercial law, was born in Scone, Scotland, on March 2, 1702.Learn more about Lord Mansfield from the Biddle Law Library, University of Pennsylvania Law School. -
Civil Rights Act of 1875 became law
Posted: March 1st, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 1, 1875, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 became law. It declared:all persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement; subject only to the conditions and limitations established by -
Congress ratified Manypenny Agreement on the Black Hills
Posted: February 28th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On February 28, 1877, the US Congress ratified the Manypenny Agreement with the Lakota Sioux, under which the United States took control of 900,000 acres of the Black Hills. Read the ratification act, which includes the terms of the Agreement. The Lakota argue to this day that the Agreement is illegal, was obtained by coercion associated with starvation, and that the Black Hills should be -
Constitutional amendment on Presidential term limits ratified
Posted: February 27th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On February 27, 1951, the 22nd Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, prohibiting a President from being elected to more than two terms in office. Watch Term Limits and American Government, a CATO Institute Policy Forum recorded on the 50th anniversary of the 22nd Amendment in 2001. -
Hitler put on trial for treason in Munich
Posted: February 26th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On February 26, 1924, Adolf Hitler and several others were put on trial for treason in Munich in connection with an attempted putsch. Learn more about the Munich (or "Beer Hall") Putsch and the subsequent trial of Hitler and his associates. -
Income tax amendment ratified
Posted: February 25th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On February 25, 1913, the 16th Amendment to the US Constitution was ratified, creating the Income Tax.Read more from FindLaw on the history and purpose of the 16th Amendment. -
Marbury v. Madison decided
Posted: February 24th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On February 24, 1803, Chief Justice John Marshall of the US Supreme Court ruled in Marbury v. Madison that any act of Congress that conflicts with the Constitution is null and void, thereby establishing the doctrine of judicial review. Watch an explanatory video featuring Professor Joel Grossman, a constitutional scholar in the Johns Hopkins University Political Science Department. Learn more -
NAACP founder W.E.B. DuBois born
Posted: February 23rd, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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W.E.B. DuBois, founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), was born on February 23, 1868. Review the W.E.B. DuBois Papers at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and released FBI files on DuBois kept because of his affiliation with "communist front groups." -
Justice Felix Frankfurter died
Posted: February 22nd, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On February 22, 1965, US Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter died in Washington, DC. Learn more about Felix Frankfurter from the Oyez Supreme Court multimedia project at Northwestern University. -
Former Nixon AG Mitchell sentenced to prison for Watergate
Posted: February 21st, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On February 21, 1975, former US Attorney General John Mitchell, Nixon Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman and domestic adviser John Ehrlichman were sentenced to prison terms of 2 1/2 to 8 years for obstructing justice in the Watergate affair. Learn more about John Mitchell from the Washington Post. -
John Marshall declared federal judicial supremacy over states
Posted: February 20th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On February 20, 1809, US Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in United States v. Peters that the legal power of the federal judiciary is greater than that of any individual state: "If the legislatures of the several states may, at will, annul the judgments of the courts of the United States, and destroy rights acquired under those judgments, the constitution itself becomes a solemn -
President Roosevelt authorized internment of Japanese Americans
Posted: February 19th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order No. 9066, authorizing the wartime internment of Japanese Americans. Learn more about the internment of Japanese Americans from Vernillia Randall at the University of Dayton School of Law and read the first chapter of Free to Die for Their Country: The Story of the Japanese American Draft Resisters of World War II, by -
Chicago Seven verdicts rendered
Posted: February 18th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On February 18, 1970, the jury rendered its verdicts in the trial of the Chicago Seven, charged in connection with violence that had erupted at the 1968 Democratic Convention. The jury acquitted all defendants on conspiracy, while finding five guilty of intent to incite a riot while crossing state lines. Learn more on JURIST about the trial of the Chicago Seven from Douglas Linder of the -
Supreme Court ruled on equal Congressional districts
Posted: February 17th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On February 17, 1964, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Wesberry v. Sanders that congressional districts within each state had to be roughly equal in population.Learn more about Congressional redistricting from the Center for Voting and Democracy.