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U.S. and Japan sign Kanagwa Treaty
Posted: March 31st, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Ryan Olden
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On March 31, 1854, U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry and representatives of the Japanese government signed the Convention of Kanagawa. The terms of the treaty marked the end of Japan's 500 years of self-imposed isolation by opening of the Ports of Shimoda and Hakodate. Four years later, Japanese-American relations were further expanded by the Treaty of Amity and Commerce (Harris Treaty), which opened -
Spanish royal decree ordered expulsion of Jews
Posted: March 31st, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 31, 1492, King Ferdinand of Spain signed a decree expelling Jews from his kingdom. Read a contemporary account of the explusion, originally written in Hebrew by an Italian Jew in 1495. -
Treaty of Paris ends Crimean War
Posted: March 30th, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Ryan Olden
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On March 30, 1856, representatives of Great Britain, France, Sardinia, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Paris of 1856, ending the Crimean War. The treaty confirmed Russia's loss of power as a result of the war. It lost territory; the Black Sea region and some Russia islands were demilitarized; and Russia lost its influence over Romanian principalities and Christians in the -
Treaty with Russia ceded Alaska to the United States
Posted: March 30th, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 30, 1867, the US and Russia signed a treaty ceding Alaska to the United States for a payment of $7,200,000 in gold. Review the terms of a Treaty concerning the Cession of the Russian Possessions in North America by his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias to the United States of America, the terms of which were included in the Treaty's Proclamation by President Andrew Johnson on June -
British parliament passed act creating Canada
Posted: March 29th, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 29, 1867, the British Parliament passed the British North America Act, a constitutional document creating an independent and united Dominion of Canada. It went into effect on July 1 that year. -
Rosenbergs convicted of espionage
Posted: March 29th, 2010, 12:00am MSD by Ryan Olden
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On March 29, 1951, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of passing U.S. atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. The couple was sentenced to death on April 3 under the Espionage Act of 1917, 18 U.S.C 794. They were then executed two years later on June 19, 1953 in New York State's Sing Sing Prison.View the FBI's files on the Rosenbergs and learn more about their case. -
Supreme Court ruled on Chinese Exclusion Act
Posted: March 28th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 28, 1898, the US Supreme Court ruled that a child born in the US to Chinese immigrants was a US citizen and could not be deported under the terms of the Chinese Exclusion Act. Read US v. Wong Kim Ark and learn more about the Chinese Exclusion Act. -
Thomas Hare born
Posted: March 28th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 28, 1808, English Jurist Thomas Hare was born in the United Kingdom. After being admitted to the Bar in 1833, Hare became a campaigner for electoral reform. He created the Single Transferable Vote (STV) system of proportional representation used in many democratic countries today. He was also an early law reporter, recording important judicial decisions in The Hare Law Reports before -
President Andrew Johnson vetoed citizenship for slaves
Posted: March 27th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 27, 1866, President Andrew Johnson vetoed a civil rights bill that would later become the 14th Amendment to the Constitution, conferring full US citizenship on all slaves. Read President Johnson's veto letter, transmitted to the US Senate. -
Khrushchev becomes USSR leader
Posted: March 27th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 27, 1958, Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev became the new Premier of the USSR, replacing Joseph Stalin as the Soviet leader. During his rise to power, Khruschev denounced crimes of the Stalinist regime and the "cult of personality" surrounding his predecessor. While in office as Soviet Premier, Khruschev oversaw some of the most famous and influential events of the Cold War: the launch of -
Biological Weapons Convention goes into force
Posted: March 26th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 26, 1975, the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction went into force. Today, 162 countries have signed the Convention, pledging never "to develop, produce, stockpile or otherwise acquire or retain" biological weapons. Some signatory nations, however, have reserved the right to -
Justice Sandra Day O'Connor born
Posted: March 26th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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Recently-retired US Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor was born in El Paso, Texas on March 26, 1930. Watch recorded video of Justice O'Connor talking about her biography Lazy B: Growing Up on a Cattle Ranch in the American Southwest at Harvard Law School in April, 2002. -
Scottsboro Boys arrested
Posted: March 25th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 25, 1931, nine black teenagers were arrested in Paint Rock, Alabama for allegedly raping two white women. Twelve days later, the young men were put on trial in the nearby town of Scottsboro. After numerous the proceedings culminated in two landmark decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court, Powell v. Alabama and Norris v. Alabama. Ultimately, the death sentences issued by the jury were -
Slave trade abolished in Britain
Posted: March 25th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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A British bill abolishing the slave trade became law on March 25, 1807. Learn more about slavery and the slave trade in Britain. -
Oscar Romero assassinated
Posted: March 24th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 24, 1980, the Archbishop Óscar Romero, was assassinated while performing Mass in San Salvador, El Salvador by a right-wing death squad. Romero had become unpopular with conservative elements in the country, when he began speaking out against government repression of the nation's poor and of his fellow priests. Read a biography of Archbishop Oscar Romero from the Kellogg Institute at -
Last Quaker executed for religious beliefs in American colonies
Posted: March 24th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 24, 1661, William Ledda, executed in Boston, became the last Quaker in the American colonies to be put to death for his religious beliefs. Learn more about the persecution of the Quakers in colonial Massachusetts. -
Pakistan becomes world's first Islamic republic
Posted: March 23rd, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 23, 1956, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan became the world's first Islamic republic. Unfortunately, democracy in Pakistan collapsed quickly after General Ayub Khan lead a successful coup d'etat. Since that time, Pakistan has vacillated between military and civilian government.Pakistan was governed by the 1956 Constitution of Pakistan, until it was superseded by the 1973 Constitution, -
"Wobblies" put on trial in Chicago
Posted: March 23rd, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 23, 1918, 101 leaders of the Industrial Workers of the World union ("The Wobblies") were put on trial in Chicago for conspiracy to obstruct America's participation in World War I. Learn more about the Wobblies from the Constitutional Rights Foundation. -
Arab League formed
Posted: March 22nd, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 22, 1945, the League of Arab States was formed in Cairo, Egypt to promote the cultural and political interests of the Arab World. Since then, the original six-nation roster of Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Transjordan (now Jordan), Lebanon, and Iraq has now expanded to twenty-two member states.Read the Charter of the League of Arab States and a profile of the Arab League from the BBC. -
Stamp Act passed by British Parliament
Posted: March 22nd, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 22, 1765, the British Parliament passed the Stamp Act, a revenue-raising measure under which all pamphlets, almanacs, newspapers, bonds, notes, leases, insurance policies, and legal papers had thenceforward to be issued on stamped paper that could only be purchased from the king's officers. American colonists objected to the Act, saying that Parliament did not have the right to impose -
March from Selma begins
Posted: March 21st, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 21, 1965, Martin Luther King, Jr. began his third march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama to protest racial discrimination in the Jim Crow South. By March 25, over 25,000 people lead by Dr. King reached Montgomery, Alabama. Specifically, the march called attention to suppression of African-American voting rights and a police assault on a civil rights demonstration three weeks prior.Five -
International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
Posted: March 21st, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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March 21 is the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination [UNESCO factsheet].On March 21, 1804, the Code Civil des Francais, the reformed French civil law often referred to in French as the Code Napoleon, and in English as the Napoleonic Code, went into effect in France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and French colonies. -
First woman executed by electric chair
Posted: March 20th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 20, 1899, Martha Place, convicted of the murder of her step-daughter, became the first woman to die in the electric chair. The execution was carried out at New York's Auburn Prison. Review The Last Stop: Women in the Electric Chair, from Court TV. -
Dutch East India Company established
Posted: March 20th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 20, 1602, the States-General of the Netherlands established the Dutch East India Company (VOC). The creation edict granted VOC a monopoly over Dutch colonial activities in Asia for twenty-one years. During that time, VOC became the world's first multinational company and the first to issue stock.Read a history of the VOC and view the world's oldest share of stock, as issued by the VOC. -
Earl Warren born
Posted: March 19th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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US Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren was born on March 19, 1891, in Los Angeles, California. He led the Court during a critical period of social change in the 1950s and 1960s and is perhaps best known for his Opinion in Brown v. Board of Education. Learn more about Earl Warren from the Supreme Court Historical Society, and hear him deliver the Landon Lecture at Kansas State University in -
India and Bangladesh sign friendship treaty
Posted: March 19th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 19, 1972, India and Bangladesh signed a Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Peace for twenty-five years. The treaty recognized the independence of Bangladesh by India at the conclusion of Bangladesh's war of independence from Pakistan. The treaty expired in 1997 without renewal. -
Supreme Court requires states to provide counsel for indigent defendants
Posted: March 18th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 18, 1963, the U.S. Supreme Court in Gideon v. Wainwright held that the Constitution requires states to provide counsel for indigent criminal defendants. For a unanimous Court, Justice Hugo Black wrote, "any person haled into court, who is too poor to hire a lawyer, cannot be assured a fair trial unless counsel is provided for him." Counsel had been required for indigent federal -
Gandhi sentenced for sedition after civil disobedience campaign
Posted: March 18th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 18, 1922, a court in British-ruled India sentenced Mohandas Gandhi to six years in prison for sedition in connection with his civil disobedience campaign for Indian home rule. Read Gandhi's famous statement to the trial court. Gandhi served two years of his sentence and was then released. -
Roger Taney born
Posted: March 17th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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US Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney, author of the decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford, was born in Calvert County, Maryland, on March 17, 1777. -
I.O.C. expels 6 members for taking bribes
Posted: March 17th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 17, 1999, the International Olympic Committee expelled six of its members for taking bribes. The preceding investigation had revealed that the indicted officials had received over $800,000 in gifts and benefits from the Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC) before awarding the 2002 Winter Games to Salt Lake City. Learn more about the Salt Lake City Olympic bribery scandal from the -
James Madison born
Posted: March 16th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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James Madison, a leading framer of the US Constitution and Bill of Rights, an author of the Federalist Papers, and the fourth President of the United States was born in Port Conway, Virginia, on March 16, 1751. Review Madison's Notes on the Federal (Constitutional) Convention of 1787, his speech in Congress introducing his proposed amendments to the Constitution, and his contributions to the -
UN Human Rights Council Established
Posted: March 16th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 16, 2006, the United Nations General Assembly established the UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) to replace the UN Council on Human Rights. The UNHRC was created by the overwhelming passage of Resolution A/RES/60/251ly. -
Code Napoleon promulgated
Posted: March 15th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 15, 1803, the Code Napoleon (French Civil Code) was promulgated in France. The Code is considered the first successful legal code in Europe and is still used today as the basis for the modern French Civil Code. Napoleon's conquests spread his Code across the European Continent, influencing modern legal codes in Portugal, Austria, Italy, and other continental nations.Read a history of the -
Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg born
Posted: March 15th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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US Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg was born on March 15, 1933. Learn more about Justice Ginsburg from Oyez, the Supreme Court multimedia project at Northwestern University. -
Jack Ruby convicted for murder of JFK assassin Lee Harvey Oswald
Posted: March 14th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 14, 1964, nightclub owner Jack Ruby was convicted of the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald, who had presumably assassinated President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. Ruby was sentenced to death. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals overturned Ruby's conviction in October 1966 and ordered a new trial citing improperly admitted testimony and an improper venue in the original proceeding, but -
Cedar Revolution begins in Lebanon
Posted: March 14th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 14, 2005, the Cedar Revolution began in Lebanon after the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri. Led by the March Fourteenth Movement, street protests in the Cedar Revolution led to the resignation of the generally pro-Syrian government of Lebanon and withdrawal of Syrian troops from the country. -
Tennessee banned the teaching of evolution
Posted: March 13th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 13, 1925, Tennessee passed a law banning the teaching of evolution in schools. The violation of this law by a local schoolteacher resulted in the famous "Monkey Trial". Learn more about The State v. John Scopes in JURIST's Famous Trials series. -
Czar Alexander II assassinated
Posted: March 13th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 13, 1881, revolutionaries assassinated Czar Alexander II. The terrorist organization, Narodnaya Volya, hoped to spark a revolution in Russia by assassinating the Czar. Instead, his assassination led to a repressive backlash from his successor, Alexander III. Read a account of the assassination of Czar Alexander II by anarchist revolutionary Peter Kropotkin. -
Janet Reno sworn in as first female US Attorney General
Posted: March 12th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 12, 1993, Janet Reno was sworn in an as the first female US Attorney General. Learn more about Janet Reno from the US Department of Justice Attorney General's website as it stood on November 9, 2000. -
First former Warsaw Pact countries join NATO
Posted: March 12th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 12, 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland became the first former members of the Warsaw Pact join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Read the NATO accession treaties for the Czech Republic, the Republic of Hungary, and the Republic of Poland. -
Confederate Constitution adopted
Posted: March 11th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 11, 1861, seven former US states adopted the Constitution of the Confederate States of America, which closely followed the language, if not necessarily the purport, of the original US Constitution. -
Gorbachev becomes USSR leader
Posted: March 11th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 11, 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, following the death of Konstantin Chernenko. He soon announced that he would hold arms-reduction negotiations in Geneva with the United States. Gorbachev also used his tenure to liberalize the economy and social structure of the USSR, eventually leading to the abatement of the Soviet Union. In 1990, -
James Earl Ray sentenced for the murder of Martin Luther King, Jr.
Posted: March 10th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 10, 1969, James Earl Ray was sentenced to 99 years in prison for the murder of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr.. Ray died in 1998, still seeking a retrial of his case. On December 9th, 1999, a Memphis jury handed down a verdict agreeing with the King family that the 1968 assassination of the civil rights leader was a conspiracy rather than the act of a lone gunman. Learn -
Gandhi arrested for sedition
Posted: March 10th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 10, 1922, Mahatma Gandhi was arrested and charged with sedition for leading a campaign of mass civil disobedience against the British in India. He was then convicted and sentenced to six years in prison. After his release, Gandhi continued to build Indian unity and use civil disobedience and non-cooperation to oppose British rule in his country, culminating in the Salt March of 1930 and -
Amistad slave ship case decided
Posted: March 9th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 9, 1841, the US Supreme Court ruled in The Amistad case that a group of slaves who took over their ship were free. Learn more about The Amistad in JURIST's Famous Trials series. -
Northern Ireland votes to remain in UK
Posted: March 9th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 9, 1973, residents of Northern Ireland voted to remain part of the United Kingdom. 98% voted in favor of the referendum, but only 57% of the population participated. Catholic voters overwhelmingly boycotted the vote and civil war, known as "The Troubles", continued in Northern Ireland until the Good Friday Agreement, which provides for recognition of Northern Ireland's union with the -
International Women's Rights Day
Posted: March 8th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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March 8 is International Women's Rights and International Peace day, better known as International Women's Day [UN factsheet].US Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. was born on March 8, 1841. Learn more about Justice Holmes and pay a virtual visit to his gravesite at Arlington National Cemetary. Listen to a rare recording of Justice Holmes speaking on NBC Radio on the occasion of his -
Senate adopts cloture rule
Posted: March 8th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 8, 1917, the U.S. Senate adopted the cloture rule to limit filibusters. Under Rule 22, two-thirds of Senators could vote to close debate on a given bill, thereby ending an ongoing filibuster. In 1975, that number was lowered to three-fifths of the Senate, which amounts to sixty Senators.Read a history of filibuster and cloture from the archives of the U.S. Senate. -
Selma-Montgomery march began with "Bloody Sunday"
Posted: March 7th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Bernard Hibbitts
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On March 7, 1965, 525 civil rights activists began a march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama. Just outside Selma, heavily armed police and deputies broke up the march with billy clubs and tear gas, injuring sixty-five people and hospitalizing 17 in a melee that became known as "Bloody Sunday." After federal court protection had been secured, 3200 marchers started out again on March 21; by the -
UK House of Lords becomes an elected body
Posted: March 7th, 2010, 12:00am MSK by Ryan Olden
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On March 7, 2007, the Britain's lower house of Parliament, the House of Commons, voted to change the upper chamber, the House of Lords, to an elected body. Previously, appointments to the House of Lords were based on noble birth.Read a history of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the body's official website.